Kukonzekera kwa
Chifukwa champhamvu kwambiri ya Calcium Metal, idapangidwa makamaka ndi electrolytic molt calcium chloride kapena calcium hydroxide m'mbuyomu. M'zaka zaposachedwa, njira yochepetsera pang'onopang'ono yakhala njira yayikulu yopangira Calcium Metal.
Njira yochepetsera ndiyo kugwiritsa ntchito aluminiyamu yachitsulo kuti muchepetse laimu pansi pa vacuum ndi kutentha kwakukulu, ndikukonzanso kuti mupeze calcium.
Njira yochepetsera nthawi zambiri imagwiritsa ntchito miyala yamchere ngati yaiwisi, calcined calcium oxide ndi aluminiyamu ufa monga kuchepetsa.
The pulverized calcium oxide ndi aluminiyamu ufa zimasakanizidwa mofanana mu gawo linalake, kukanikizidwa mu midadada, ndikuchitapo pansi pa 0.01 vacuum ndi 1050-1200 â kutentha. Kupanga mpweya wa calcium ndi calcium aluminate.
Njira yake ndi: 6CaO 2Alâ3Ca 3CaOâ¢Al2O3
Mpweya wa calcium wochepetsedwa umawala pa 750-400 ° C. Kashiamu wa crystalline ndiye amasungunuka ndikuponyedwa pansi pa chitetezo cha argon kuti apeze kashiamu wandiweyani.
Kubwezeretsa kwa calcium yopangidwa ndi njira yochepetsera nthawi zambiri kumakhala pafupifupi 60%.
Chifukwa njira zake zaukadaulo ndizosavuta, njira yochepetsera ndiyo njira yayikulu yopangira zitsulo zachitsulo m'zaka zaposachedwa.
Kuyaka mumikhalidwe yabwinobwino kumatha kufika posungunula zitsulo zachitsulo kashiamu, motero kumayambitsa kuyaka kwazitsulo zachitsulo.
Electrolysis yoyambirira inali njira yolumikizirana, yomwe pambuyo pake idasinthidwa kukhala cathode electrolysis yamadzi.
Kulumikizana ndi electrolysis kunagwiritsidwa ntchito koyamba ndi W. Rathenau mu 1904. Ma electrolyte omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi osakaniza a CaCl2 ndi CaF2. Anode ya selo ya electrolytic imakhala ndi carbon monga graphite, ndipo cathode imapangidwa ndi chitsulo.
Electrolytically desorbed calcium calcium imayandama pamwamba pa electrolyte ndikumangirira pa cathode pokhudzana ndi cathode yachitsulo. Pamene electrolysis ikupita patsogolo, cathode ikukwera moyenerera, ndipo calcium imapanga ndodo yooneka ngati karoti pa cathode.
Kuipa kwa kupanga kashiamu pogwiritsa ntchito njira yolumikizirana ndi: kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zambiri zopangira, kusungunuka kwa Calcium Metal mu electrolyte, kutsika kwapakali pano, komanso kutsika kwa zinthu zamtengo wapatali (pafupifupi 1% chlorine).
The madzi cathode njira ntchito mkuwa-kashiamu aloyi (wokhala 10% -15% kashiamu) monga madzi cathode ndi graphite elekitirodi monga anode. Kashiamu ya electrolytic desorbed imayikidwa pa cathode.
Chigoba cha cell electrolytic chimapangidwa ndi chitsulo choponyedwa. Electrolyte ndi chisakanizo cha CaCl2 ndi KCI. Copper amasankhidwa ngati aloyi wa cathode yamadzimadzi chifukwa pali malo otsika kwambiri osungunuka omwe ali ndi calcium yochuluka m'chigawo cha copper-calcium phase, ndi copper-calcium alloy yokhala ndi calcium 60% -65. % ikhoza kukonzedwa pansi pa 700 ° C.
Pa nthawi yomweyi, chifukwa cha mpweya wochepa wa mkuwa, zimakhala zosavuta kupatukana panthawi ya distillation. Kuphatikiza apo, ma alloys a copper-calcium okhala ndi 60% -65% calcium amakhala ndi kachulukidwe kakang'ono (2.1-2.2g/cm³), zomwe zimatha kupangitsa kuti ma electrolyte azikhala bwino. Kashiamu zili mu cathode aloyi sayenera upambana 62% -65%. Kuchita bwino kwapano kuli pafupifupi 70%. Kugwiritsa ntchito CaCl2 pa kilogalamu imodzi ya calcium ndi 3.4-3.5 kilogalamu.
Copper-calcium alloy yopangidwa ndi electrolysis imayikidwa pa distillation iliyonse pansi pa mikhalidwe ya 0.01 Torr vacuum ndi 750-800 â kutentha kuchotsa zonyansa zosakhazikika monga potaziyamu ndi sodium.
Ndiye yachiwiri vacuum distillation ikuchitika pa 1050-1100 ° C, kashiamu ndi condensed ndi crystallized kumtunda kwa thanki distillation, ndi mkuwa otsala (wokhala 10% -15% calcium) watsala pansi. tanki ndikubwerera ku electrolyzer kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito.
Kashiamu wa crystalline wotengedwa ndi calcium yamakampani yokhala ndi giredi 98% -99%. Ngati zonse zomwe zili mu sodium ndi magnesium mu CaCl2 zopangira ndi zosakwana 0.15%, aloyi yamkuwa-kashiamu imatha kusungunulidwa kamodzi kuti apeze zitsulo zachitsulo zokhala ndi â¥99%.
Kashiamu woyenga kwambiri amatha kupezeka pochiza kashiamu ya mafakitale pogwiritsa ntchito vacuum distillation. Nthawi zambiri, kutentha kwa distillation kumayendetsedwa kukhala 780-820 ° C, ndipo digiri ya vacuum ndi 1 × 10-4. Chithandizo cha distillation sichithandiza pakuyeretsa ma chloride mu calcium.
Nitride akhoza kuwonjezeredwa pansi pa kutentha kwa distillation kupanga mchere wawiri mu mawonekedwe a CanCloNp. Mchere wapawiri uwu umakhala ndi mphamvu yotsika ya nthunzi ndipo susungunuka mosavuta ndipo umakhalabe mu zotsalira za distillation.
Powonjezera nayitrogeni mankhwala ndi kuyeretsa ndi zingalowe distillation, kuchuluka kwa zinthu zonyansa chlorine, manganese, mkuwa, chitsulo, pakachitsulo, zotayidwa faifi tambala mu calcium akhoza kuchepetsedwa kukhala 1000-100ppm, ndi mkulu-chiyero kashiamu wa 99.9% -99.99% angapezeke.
Extruded kapena adagulung'undisa mu ndodo ndi mbale, kapena kudula mu tiziduswa tating'ono ndi mmatumba mu chotengera mpweya.
Malinga ndi njira zitatu zomwe tafotokozazi, zitha kuwoneka kuti njira yochepetsera imakhala ndi njira yosavuta yaukadaulo, imawononga mphamvu zochepa komanso imawononga nthawi yocheperako, komanso ndiyoyenera kupanga mafakitale.
Choncho, njira yochepetsera ndiyo njira yaikulu yopangira Calcium Metal m'zaka zaposachedwa.
